The word suzerainty and sovereignty has entirely different legal meaning, but can be used evasively.
Former private secretary of Nehru, MO Mathai has alleged in his book that it was Ambassador KM Panikkar's manipulation of a telegram message that spoiled India-China relations. According to him, the govt of India sent a telegram to Panikkar authorizing him to formally communicate India's recognition of Chinese suzerainty over Tibet. Panikkar changed the crucial word to sovereignty. Later, when questioned, Panikkar took shelter behind the familiar excuse of corruption in transmission of the cypher telegram. Panikkar's action was more important than the bottle and Nehru should have taken prompt steps to clear the matter with the Chinese. If necessary he should have repudiated Panikkar. Instead Nehru used this connotation to appease the critics within the party.
Mathai however has not given the date of telegram, nor has he explained the circumstances in which Nehru allowed his policy to be distorted by this kind of low tactic on the part of a diplomat.
Zhou Enlai greatly appreciated the view taken by India. During this meeting, Panikkar, on his own, promised that India would not move in case Tibet is forcefully liberated. On 26 August 1950, in an aide memoir submitted to the Chinese Government, K.M. Panikkar went a step further, he changed India’s policy on Tibet, that would trigger the most dramatic consequences for India. In his note, Panikkar described Tibet’s status as autonomy within framework or Chinese sovereignty, and not anymore suzerainty as it had been done during the previous decades. The two words had a very different legal meaning and Panikkar knew it.
Reading the above communications, it is clear that the date of telegram must be before August 1950. The Chinese Communists were the worthy disciple of Sun Tzu, adept of the Art of War. The negotiations trick was just a dilatory tactic to gain time for the Chinese troops to be ready for the battle of Chamdo in October 1950.
Rajaji had sent a note to Nehru complaining that the Chinese are deceiving us. Nehru answers was that - Legally our position seems to be a weak one in regard to Tibet. For Nehru, the Chinese did not deceive India. He explains - We may have deceived ourselves, and they may have done wrong in the action they took, as I think they did
Later, they tried to revert to suzerainty, but it was too late, the damage was done.
The Indian official in Lhasa, Sumul Sinha, had warned Nehru about the intentions of communist China. Sinha’s reports did not fit into Nehru’s larger vision of the world. Nehru blasted Sinha, the Chinese had come to help the Tibetans to abandon their medieval mindset. We want of course our representatives to give us full information ... [But] once a decision has been taken by Government [read to abandon Tibet to its fate], it should be accepted gracefully and followed faithfully; any insinuation that Government have been acting wrongly or improperly is objectionable.
https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/the-fate-of-a--visionary-diplomat.html
History of suzerainty
Historically both China and Tibet were two separate rival nations, who had fought against each other at several occasions. Tibet was involved in power struggles with Mongols too. China never had the so called suzerainty.
Portuguese opened church in 1624, but was expelled at lama's insistence in 1745. During 1850s, the Russian and British rivalry for control of Central Asia prompted Tibet to ban all foreigners and shut borders. In 1904, Britain forced Tibet to sign trading agreement in order to forestall any Russian overtures.
At this period the British had close and profitable ties with China. The Chinese had persuaded the British to grant suzerainty over Tibet. Therefore in September 1876, the Sino-British Chefoo Convention, which granted Britain the right of sending a mission of exploration into Tibet, was signed. The mission was abandoned when the Tibetans refused to allow them on the grounds that they did not recognize China’s authority. Two more similar agreements – the Peking Convention of July 1886, and the Calcutta Convention of March 1890 were also repudiated by the Tibetans. The Tibetan Government refused to have anything to do with the British, who were dealing over their head with the Chinese.
What was most unfortunate for Tibet at this stage was the communication and interchange of letters and presents between the Dalai Lama and the Russian Czar, around 1900 to 1901. As the Russian power in Asia was growing, the British felt that their interest was at stake. Tibet was invaded by the British expeditionary force in August 1904. Dalai Lama fled to Mongolia. A Treaty was signed between the Tibet and Britain in September 1904. During the British invasion Tibet conducted her affairs as an independent country.
The Manchus, who were then ruling China, made one last attempt to interfere in Tibet through military campaigns. When the Dalai Lama was in Kumbum monastery in Mongolia, he received two messages – one from Lhasa, urging him to return with all speed as they feared for his safety, and the other from Peking, requesting him to visit the Chinese capital. The Dalai Lama chose to go to Peking with hope of prevailing upon the Chinese Emperor to stop the military aggression of Tibet and to withdraw his troops.
When the Dalai Lama finally returned to Lhasa in 1909, he found that contrary to all the promises he received in Peking, the Chinese troops were at his heels.
But, when the news of the 1911 Revolution of China reached Lhasa, fights broke out between rival Manchu and Chinese generals. By then, however, the Tibetans had reorganized themselves with orders coming from the Dalai Lama in exile in India. Chinese troops in Lhasa and elsewhere in Tibet were overcome by the Tibetans and finally expelled in 1912. In January 1913 a bilateral Treaty was signed between Tibet and Mongolia at Urga. In that treaty both countries declared themselves free and separate from China.
Expulsion of Chinese troops from Tibet following the 13th Dalai Lama's return from exile in India, 1912
During this period of fighting and confusion the new ruler of China, President Yuan Shih-Kai, tried to send military reinforcements to the beleaguered troops while at the same time trying to placate the Tibetans. He apologized for the excess and said he had restored the Dalai Lama’s rank. But this was rejected by the Dalai Lama who wrote back saying that he was not asking the Chinese Government for any rank and declared Tibet’s independence.
The Thirteenth Dalai Lama, having returned from India in January 1913, issued a formal declaration of the complete independence of Tibet. The document also made clear, "Now the Chinese intention of colonizing Tibet under the patron-priest relationship has faded like a rainbow in the sky".
During the annual Monlam Festival of 1920, some 2,000 Manchu and Chinese soldiers entered Lhasa and indulged in a carnage of rape, murder, plunder, and wanton destruction. Once again the Dalai Lama was forced to leave Lhasa. He appointed a Regent to rule in his absence and left for the southern town of Dromo – with the intention to go to British India, if necessary. Events in Lhasa and pursuing Chinese troops forced him to leave his country once again.
On 17 December 1933 the Thirteenth Dalai Lama passed away. The following year a Chinese mission arrived in Lhasa to offer condolences. But, in fact, they tried to settle the Sino-Tibetan border. After the chief delegate left, another Chinese delegate remained to continue discussions. The Chinese delegation was permitted to remain in Lhasa on the same footing as the Nepalese and Indian representatives until he was expelled in 1949.
Animal Greed of Chinese
China is predatory. All Himalayan nations are its marked preys. Refer the Five Fingers policy of Mao. The Chinese eat all kinds of animals, but not sure about the prevalence of cannibalism. Organ harvesting is a lucrative business in China. During the past 70 years of Tibetan occupation, 90 percent of forest were cleared. The Tibetan dams at a height of 14K feet is a big threat to all downstream nations.
An African proverb - Every morning in Africa, when a gazelle wakes up, it knows that it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed. Every morning when a lion wakes up, it knows that it must outrun the slowest gazelle or it will be starved to death. It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle: when the sun comes up, you’d better be running either to acquire dinner or to avoid becoming dinner.
Deception is used offensively by predators/parasites and defensively by preys/hosts. Before hunting, a lion or tiger tries to dupe the prey and turn gentle and inoffensive. Parasites like leeches have an anaesthetic in their salivary secretions. This is the harmless model in which predators or parasites pretends to be honorable, thus deluding the prey or host.
Animals hunt just for their food. But human craving and greed has no limits. China cannot peacefully co-exist because they are predators.
China's secret weapons
In addition to the conventional weapons, China holds many secret weapons. The strategies taught by Acharya Sun Tzu is their asset.
1
Psychological warfare (PSYOPs) in social media
India had a well established natural defense against enemy from across Himalayas. But, at present the enemy is coming by sea, by air and by Satellite Internet. Pakistan President Arif Alvi while addressing a flag hoisting ceremony on 14th Aug 2019 at Islamabad has openly asked people to wage a social media war against India over the issue of Kashmir saying it is their big weapon. The Pak IT Cell is getting huge amount of money from China.
Huge amount of data, fetched through various apps, are mined using BIGData Analytic tools and strategically used by CCP. Chinese know the nook and corner of India, knows the perception of every person in the country. China possess certain data that the Govt of India may not have.
2
Weaponizing waters at a height of 14K feet
The Himalayas is considered as the 3rd pole or middle pole. Tibet is well known for being the roof of the world and third largest source of freshwater in the world (after the North and South Poles) and feeding people of Southeast Asia. Just as the Persian Gulf states sit over immense reserves of oil and gas, China controls vast transnational water resources. China acquired these untapped gold in 1950 by deceit.
Sun Tzu observed - When a dam is broken, the water cascades with irresistible force. Take advantage of the enemy’s unpreparedness and attack him when he does not expect it. Avoid his strength and strike his emptiness, and like water, none can oppose you. China, with its end justifying the means theory, has a history of retracting on agreements to suit its geopolitical ambitions. As per Sun Tzu’s advice, the water-breathing dragon could use its dams to subdue enemy without fighting.
Tibet is the starting point of rivers that flow to 18 downstream countries. No other country in the world serves as the river head for so many countries. By erecting dams, barrages and other water diversion structures in its borderlands, China is creating an extensive upstream infrastructure that arms it with the capacity to weaponize water.
The Brahmaputra is in great danger. China could refuse to release water when India needs it, exacerbating droughts. It could open the floodgates during rainy seasons and cause horrendous flash floods. The damage caused by a dam discharge will have a domino effect on the whole system.
China is using dams as a leverage to settle geopolitical disputes without firing a bullet, when the need arises. After Doklam crisis in 2017, China refused to share hydrological data, caused unusual flooding in the Brahmaputra River in Assam. This was in violation of two legally binding accords between the two countries. Incidentally, China shared this hydrological data with Bangladesh, while refusing to do so with India. Nepal had also joined the water war. There occurred an unusual unmanageable flood in Bihar in 2019. Supposed to be a punishment for Doklam and presumably for not signing up for BRI.
The Mekong is the longest river of Southeast Asia with a drainage area of 795K sq km. It originates from the south-eastern Himalayas and flows through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. Vietnam pleaded with China to release water from the Yunnan dam on the Mekong River to ease severe water shortages downstream.
3
Disease germ agents, Pharma products
China's strategy is Create a Problem -> wait for people suffering -> Offer solution
Corona virus is a media hoax created by the USA liberals and CCP
The prescription medicines with addictive Opoids and other dangerous ingredients are silently destroying the health and minds of people all over the world
India's Rasputin / Nehru's Evil Genius
VK Krishna Menon humiliated competent military officers. Nehru was the only big name of Indian politics batting for him. Two other heavyweights had come out openly against him. On 8 February 1962, Rajaji had said, If Mr. Menon succeeds, it would be one point to Indian Communists and two points to world Communists
Video - Nehru Arrives To UK in 1949, greeted by Krishna Menon, Indian High Commissioner in London. Nehru shakes hands with another man and Menon shakes hands with woman in Nehru's party.
Video - Krishna Menon speaking at mass rally. Not sure about the date, must be before 1962. "Part of this land has been taken and we will take it back by force if necessary". Mentions Chinese.
The Book Reminiscences of the Nehru Age by MO Mathai is an engaging read in which he effortlessly takes the reader back in time and narrates his encounters & experiences with different leaders in a very blunt & unforgiving style. It has some first hand information on several anecdotes, facts & historical references. Neatly divided into isolated chapters, he speaks out his mind (personal opinions along with anecdotes & some facts) about each leader per chapter.
The PDF version can be downlaoded here
